Chapter 1 — Fluorophores and Their Amine-Reactive Derivatives
- Common Applications for Amine-Reactive Probes
- Labeling Biopolymers
- Preparing the Optimal Bioconjugate
- Derivatizing Low Molecular Weight Molecules
- Reactivity of Amino Groups
- Isothiocyanates
- Active Esters and Carboxylic Acids
- Succinimidyl Esters
- Carboxylic Esters and Their Conversion into Sulfosuccinimidyl Esters and STP Esters
- Tetrafluorophenyl (TFP) Esters
- Carbonyl Azides
- Sulfonyl Chlorides
- Other Amine-Reactive Reagents
- Kits for Labeling Proteins with a Fluorescent Dye or Biotin
- FluoReporter Protein Labeling Kits
- Easy-to-Use Protein Labeling Kits
- Alexa Fluor Microscale Protein Labeling Kits
- Monoclonal Antibody Labeling Kits
- FluoReporter Biotin-XX Protein Labeling Kit
- FluoReporter Mini-Biotin-XX Protein Labeling Kit
- Biotin-XX Microscale Protein Labeling Kits
- DSB-X Biotin Protein Labeling Kit
- FluoReporter Biotin/DNP Protein Labeling Kit
- Zenon Antibody Labeling Kits
- Nucleic Acid Labeling Kits
- ARES DNA Labeling Kits
- Alexa Fluor Oligonucleotide Amine Labeling Kits
- ULYSIS Nucleic Acid Labeling Kits
- Biotin Quantitation Assay Kits
- FluoReporter Biotin Quantitation Assay Kit for Biotinylated Proteins
- FluoReporter Biotin Quantitation Assay Kit for Biotinylated Nucleic Acids
- ElutaTube Microdialysis Vials
- Product List
- Features of the Alexa Fluor Dyes
- Alexa Fluor 488 Dye
- Alexa Fluor 500 and Alexa Fluor 514 Dyes
- Alexa Fluor 532, Alexa Fluor 546, Alexa Fluor 555, Alexa Fluor 568, Alexa Fluor 594 and Alexa Fluor 610 Dyes
- Alexa Fluor 633, Alexa Fluor 635, Alexa Fluor 647, Alexa Fluor 660, Alexa Fluor 680, Alexa Fluor 700 and Alexa Fluor 750 Dyes
- Alexa Fluor 350 Dye
- Alexa Fluor 405 Dye
- Alexa Fluor 430 Dye
- Alexa Fluor Labeling Reagents and Kits
- Alexa Fluor Bioconjugates and Tandem Conjugates
- Alexa Fluor Bioconjugates
- Alexa Fluor Tandem Conjugates of Phycobiliproteins
- DyeMer Bifluorophores
- Signal Amplification with Alexa Fluor Dyes
- Tyramide Signal Amplification
- Antibody-Based Signal Amplification Kits
- Alexa Fluor Conjugates of Anti-Fluorescein/Oregon Green Antibody
- Antibodies to the Alexa Fluor 488 and Alexa Fluor 405 Dyes
- Data Table
- Product List
- Overview of Our BODIPY Fluorophores
- BODIPY FL Dye: A Substitute for Fluorescein
- Longer-Wavelength BODIPY Dyes
- Amine-Reactive BODIPY Dyes
- BODIPY Dye Succinimidyl Esters
- Water-Soluble BODIPY FL Succinimidyl Esters and STP Esters
- BODIPY Carboxylic Acids
- BODIPY Dye Conjugates
- Peptides and Proteins
- BODIPY Dye Conjugates of Nucleotides and Oligonucleotides
- BODIPY Dye Conjugates of Lipids and Receptor Ligands
- BODIPY Dye Conjugates as Enzyme Substrates and for High-Throughput Screening Applications
- EnzChek Kits and DQ Reagents as Fluorogenic Enzyme Substrates
- EnzChek Polarization Assay Kit for Proteases
- Lipophilic BODIPY Substrates for Phospholipases and Other Enzymes
- BODIPY Dye–Based Substrates for Chloramphenicol Acetyltransferase
- BODIPY Dye–Labeled Nucleotides as Enzyme Substrates and for High-Throughput Screening Applications
- Conjugates of BODIPY Dyes for Fluorescence Polarization–Based Assays
- Additional Methods of Analysis Using BODIPY Dye Conjugates
- Data Table
- Product List
- Spectral Properties of Fluorescein
- Limitations of Fluoresceins
- NIST-Traceable Fluorescein Standard
- Reactive Derivatives of Fluorescein
- Single-Isomer Fluorescein Isothiocyanate (FITC) Preparations
- Mixed-Isomer and Single-Isomer Preparations of Carboxyfluorescein (FAM) Succinimidyl Ester
- Succinimidyl Esters of Fluorescein with Spacer Groups
- Fluorescein Dichlorotriazine (DTAF)
- Caged Fluorescein
- Oregon Green 488 and Oregon Green 514 Dyes
- Spectral Properties of the Oregon Green Dyes
- Advantages of the Oregon Green Dyes
- Reactive Oregon Green Dyes
- Oregon Green Protein and Nucleic Acid Labeling Kits
- Oregon Green 488 Tyramide Signal Amplification Kits
- Conjugates of Oregon Green Dyes
- Fluorescein Derivatives for Genetic Analysis
- Eosins and Erythrosins: Phosphorescent Probes and Photosensitizers
- Eosin and Erythrosin
- An Eosin Analog
- Rhodamine Green Dyes
- Reactive Rhodamine Green Dyes
- Rhodamine Green Conjugates
- Data Table
- Product List
- Tetramethylrhodamine
- Mixed-Isomer and Single-Isomer TRITC Preparations
- Succinimidyl Esters of Carboxytetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA)
- Lissamine Rhodamine B and Rhodamine Red-X Dyes
- Lissamine Rhodamine B Sulfonyl Chloride
- Rhodamine Red-X Succinimidyl Ester
- X-Rhodamine
- Texas Red and Texas Red-X Dyes
- Texas Red Sulfonyl Chloride
- Texas Red-X Succinimidyl Ester
- Texas Red-X STP Ester
- Texas Red C2-Dichlorotriazine
- Texas Red-X Conjugates and Texas Red-X Labeling Kits
- Naphthofluorescein
- Carboxyrhodamine 6G
- QSY Dyes: The Best Fluorescence Quenchers
- Nonfluorescent Malachite Green
- NANOGOLD Sulfosuccinimidyl Ester
- Data Table
- Product List
- Coumarin Derivatives
- Alexa Fluor 350 and AMCA-X Dyes
- Alexa Fluor 430 Dye
- Alexa Fluor and Zenon Labeling Kits
- Marina Blue and Pacific Blue Dyes
- Pacific Blue Tyramide Signal Amplification Kits
- Zenon Antibody Labeling Kits with the Marina Blue and Pacific Blue Dyes
- Alexa Fluor 350 and Pacific Blue Nucleic Acid Labeling Kits
- Other Hydroxycoumarin and Alkoxycoumarin Derivatives
- Pacific Orange Dye
- Cascade Blue and Other Pyrene Derivatives
- Cascade Blue Acetyl Azide
- Alexa Fluor 405 Dye
- Other Pyrenes
- Naphthalenes, Including Dansyl Chloride
- Bimane Derivative
- Pyridyloxazole Derivatives
- Cascade Yellow Dye
- Dapoxyl Dye
- UV Light–Excitable Microspheres
- Data Table
- Product List
- Fluorescamine
- Dialdehydes: OPA and NDA
- Analyte Detection with OPA and NDA
- Sensitivity of NDA
- Applications for OPA and NDA
- ATTO-TAG Reagents
- Sensitivity of ATTO-TAG CBQCA and ATTO-TAG FQ
- ATTO-TAG Reagents and Kits
- 7-Nitrobenz-2-Oxa-1,3-Diazole (NBD) Derivatives
- Dansyl Chloride and Other Sulfonyl Chlorides
- Dansyl Chloride
- Dapoxyl Sulfonyl Chloride
- Pyrene Sulfonyl Chloride
- Chromophoric Sulfonyl Chloride
- FITC and Benzofuran Isothiocyanates
- Succinimidyl Esters and Carboxylic Acids
- The Smallest Reactive Fluorophore
- Chromophoric Succinimidyl Esters: Fluorescence Quenchers
- N-(t-BOC)-Aminooxyacetic Acid TFP Ester
- Biotinylation, Desthiobiotinylation, Crosslinking and Thiolation Reagents
- Data Table
- Product List
List of Tables
Table 1.1 — Molecular Probes' amine-reactive dyes
Table 1.2 — Active esters and kits for labeling proteins and nucleic acids
Table 1.3 — Molecular Probes' kits for protein and nucleic acid labeling
Table 1.4 — Alexa Fluor active esters and kits for labeling proteins and nucleic acids
Table 1.5 — Fluorescence quantum yields (QY) and lifetimes (τ) for Alexa Fluor dyes
Table 1.6 — R{0} values for some Alexa Fluor dyes
Table 1.7 — Amine-reactive BODIPY dyes
Table 1.8 — Amine-reactive xanthene derivatives in this section
Table 1.9 — Amine-reactive, orange- and red-fluorescent fluorophores in this section
Table 1.10 — Molecular Probes' nonfluorescent quenchers and photosensitizers
Table 1.11 — R{o} values for QSY and dabcyl quenchers
Table 1.12 — Amine-reactive, ultraviolet light–excitable fluorophores for labeling proteins and nucleic acids
Table 1.13 — Amine-reactive, environment-sensitive fluorophores
List of Figures
Figure 1.1 — Reaction of a primary amine with an isothiocyanate
Figure 1.2 — Reaction of a primary amine with a succinimidyl ester or a tetrafluorophenyl (TFP) ester
Figure 1.3 — Reaction of a primary amine with an STP ester
Figure 1.4 — Reaction of a primary amine with a sulfonyl chloride
Figure 1.5 — Illustration of the three simple steps in the protocol for Molecular Probes' Protein Labeling Kits
Figure 1.6 — Illustration of the three simple steps in the protocol for Molecular Probes' Monoclonal Antibody Labeling Kits
Figure 1.7 — B6352; 6-((6-((biotinoyl)amino)hexanoyl)amino)hexanoic acid, sulfosuccinimidyl ester, sodium salt (biotin-XX, SSE)
Figure 1.8 — Absorption and fluorescence emission spectra of fluorescein and Alexa Fluor 488 antibody conjugates
Figure 1.9 — Photobleaching resistance of three green fluorophores, as determined by laser-scanning cytometry
Figure 1.10 — Photobleaching comparison of fluorescein phalloidin and Alexa Fluor(R) 488 phalloidin
Figure 1.11 — Bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells (BPAEC). Alexa Fluor(R) 488 phalloidin, anti–α-tubulin mouse monoclonal antibody, Alexa Fluor(R) 546 goat anti–mouse IgG antibody.
Figure 1.12 — Comparison of pH-dependent fluorescence of green-fluorescent fluorophores
Figure 1.13 — Comparison of the relative fluorescence of Alexa Fluor 488 and FITC conjugates
Figure 1.14 — Brightness comparison of Molecular Probes' Alexa Fluor 488 dye and Cy2 dye antibody conjugates
Figure 1.15 — A30005; Alexa Fluor 488 carboxylic acid, 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl ester (Alexa Fluor 488 5-TFP)
Figure 1.16 — Stability of the tetrafluorophenyl (TFP) and succinimidyl (NHS) esters at basic pH
Figure 1.17 — Absorption spectra of our intermediate-wavelength light–absorbing Alexa Fluor dyes
Figure 1.18 — Comparison of the absorption and fluorescence emission spectra of the Alexa Fluor 555 and Cy3 dyes
Figure 1.19 — Neuronal cells in a 22-hour zebrafish embryo identified with anti–HuC/HuD mouse monoclonal antibody.
Figure 1.20 — Photobleaching profiles of the Alexa Fluor 555 and Cy3 dyes
Figure 1.21 — Comparison of the relative fluorescence of Alexa Fluor 594 and Texas Red-X goat anti–mouse IgG antibody F(ab'){2} fragment conjugates
Figure 1.22 — Flow cytometry comparison of the brightness of the Alexa Fluor 555 goat anti–mouse IgG antibody with commercially available Cy3 goat anti–mouse IgG antibody conjugates
Figure 1.23 — Comparison of the fluorescence emission of Alexa Fluor 546 and Cy3 antibody conjugates
Figure 1.24 — Absorption spectra of our long-wavelength light–absorbing Alexa Fluor dyes
Figure 1.25 — Comparison of the fluorescence spectra of the Alexa Fluor 647 and Cy5 dyes
Figure 1.26 — Comparison of the fluorescence spectra of the unconjugated Alexa Fluor 680 and Cy5.5 dyes
Figure 1.27 — Comparison of the fluorescence emission spectra of the Alexa Fluor 750 and Cy7 dyes
Figure 1.28 — Photobleaching resistance of five red fluorophores, as determined by laser-scanning cytometry
Figure 1.29 — Comparison of the relative fluorescence of goat anti–rabbit IgG antibody conjugates of the Alexa Fluor 555 and Cy3 dyes
Figure 1.30 — Comparison of the brightness of Alexa Fluor 647 and Cy5 dye conjugates
Figure 1.31 — Comparison of the brightness of Alexa Fluor 647 conjugates and Cy5 conjugates
Figure 1.32 — Flow cytometry comparison of the brightness of the Alexa Fluor 647 goat anti–mouse IgG antibody conjugate with commercially available Cy5 goat anti–mouse IgG antibody conjugates
Figure 1.33 — Comparison of the absorption spectra of Alexa Fluor 647 and Cy5 dye conjugates
Figure 1.34 — Absorption spectra of our short-wavelength light–absorbing Alexa Fluor dyes
Figure 1.35 — Bovine pulmonary artery endothelial (BPAE) cell. Anti–bovine α-tubulin mouse monoclonal antibody and Alexa Fluor(R) 430 goat anti–mouse IgG antibody.
Figure 1.36 — Bovine pulmonary artery endothelial (BPAE) cells labeled with mouse monoclonal anti–α-tubulin antibody and detected using TSA Kit #7 with the HRP conjugate of goat anti–mouse IgG antibody and Alexa Fluor(R) 350 tyramide.
Figure 1.37 — A zebrafish retina cryosection labeled with the mouse monoclonal antibody FRet 6 and detected using TSA Kit #9 with the HRP conjugate of goat anti–mouse IgG antibody and Alexa Fluor(R) 488 tyramide.
Figure 1.38 — A zebrafish retina cryosection labeled with the mouse monoclonal antibody FRet 43 and detected using TSA Kit #9 with the HRP conjugate of goat anti–mouse IgG antibody and Alexa Fluor(R) 488 tyramide.
Figure 1.39 — Bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells (BPAEC) labeled with anti–OxPhos Complex IV subunit I antibody and detected using TSA Kit #4 with the HRP conjugate of goat anti–mouse IgG antibody and Alexa Fluor(R) 568 tyramide.
Figure 1.40 — Bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells (BPAEC) labeled with anti–OxPhos Complex IV subunit I (human) antibody and detected using TSA Kit #6 with the HRP conjugate of goat anti–mouse IgG antibody and Alexa Fluor(R) 647 tyramide.
Figure 1.41 — Normalized fluorescence emission spectra of seven BODIPY fluorophores
Figure 1.42 — Ring-numbering system of the BODIPY fluorophores
Figure 1.43 — Emission spectra of fluorescein, TMR and TR conjugates
Figure 1.44 — BODIPY FL/MeOH
Figure 1.45 — NIH 3T3 cells. MitoTracker(R) CMXRos, BODIPY(R) FL phallacidin and POPO™-1.
Figure 1.46 — Comparison of photostability of green-fluorescent antibody conjugates
Figure 1.47 — Demonstration of single-photon and two-photon excitation.
Figure 1.48 — D6141; DISCONTINUED N-(4,4-difluoro-5,7-dimethyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-3-propionyl)cysteic acid, succinimidyl ester, triethylammonium salt (DISCONTINUED BODIPY FL, CASE)
Figure 1.49 — Microtubules of a sea urchin embryo visualized with a BODIPY(R) FL goat anti–rabbit IgG secondary antibody.
Figure 1.50 — Mouse fibroblasts. BODIPY(R) TR-X phalloidin, DAPI, BODIPY(R) FL goat anti–rabbit IgG antibody.
Figure 1.51 — Live bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells (BPAEC) labeled with LysoTracker(R) Red and Hoechst 33342.
Figure 1.52 — Fluorescein/pH 9.0
Figure 1.53 — Photobleaching profiles of cells stained with Alexa Fluor 488 or fluorescein conjugates
Figure 1.54 — Comparison of relative fluorescence of green-fluorescent antibody conjugates
Figure 1.55 — F143; fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate (FITC 'Isomer I')
Figure 1.56 — Proteobacterial symbionts. Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate and Texas Red(R) sulfonyl chloride.
Figure 1.57 — F6106; 6-(fluorescein-5-carboxamido)hexanoic acid, succinimidyl ester (5-SFX)
Figure 1.58 — F6130; fluorescein-5-EX, succinimidyl ester
Figure 1.59 — C20050; 5-carboxyfluorescein-bis-(5-carboxymethoxy-2-nitrobenzyl) ether, beta-alanine-carboxamide, succinimidyl ester (CMNB-caged carboxyfluorescein, SE)
Figure 1.60 — Oregon Green 488 goat anti–mouse IgG antibody/pH 8.0
Figure 1.61 — CRE BAG 2 fibroblasts. Oregon Green(R) 514 phalloidin and fluorescein phalloidin.
Figure 1.62 — O6146; Oregon Green 488 carboxylic acid
Figure 1.63 — O6138; Oregon Green 514 carboxylic acid
Figure 1.64 — O6185; Oregon Green 488-X, succinimidyl ester
Figure 1.65 — Normalized emission spectra of 5-FAM SE, 6-TET SE, 6-JOE SE, and 6-HEX SE
Figure 1.66 — Structures of 6-JOE, SE, 6-HEX SE and 6-TET SE
Figure 1.67 — C6166; DISCONTINUED 5-carboxy-2',4',5',7'-tetrabromosulfonefluorescein, succinimidyl ester, bis-(diisopropylethylammonium) salt
Figure 1.68 — Conjugation of Rhodamine Green TFA SE to an amine
Figure 1.69 — The julolidine ring structure of X-rhodamine, sulforhodamine 101 and Texas Red dyes
Figure 1.70 — Normalized absorption spectra of the QSY 7, QSY 9, QSY 21 and QSY 35 dyes
Figure 1.71 — Effect of protein conjugation on the absorption spectrum of tetramethylrhodamine
Figure 1.72 — T6105; 6-(tetramethylrhodamine-5-(and-6)-carboxamido)hexanoic acid, succinimidyl ester (5(6)-TAMRA-X, SE)
Figure 1.73 — L20; Lissamine rhodamine B sulfonyl chloride
Figure 1.74 — Emission spectra of goat anti–mouse IgG antibody conjugates
Figure 1.75 — R6160; Rhodamine Red-X, succinimidyl ester
Figure 1.76 — Comparison of the relative fluorescence of Rhodamine Red-X and Lissamine rhodamine B conjugates
Figure 1.77 — X491; X-rhodamine-5-(and-6)-isothiocyanate (5(6)-XRITC)
Figure 1.78 — 5-ROX/pH 7.0
Figure 1.79 — C1309; 5-(and-6)-carboxy-X-rhodamine, succinimidyl ester (5(6)-ROX, SE)
Figure 1.80 — Mouse fibroblasts. BODIPY(R) FL phallacidin, Texas Red(R) goat anti–mouse IgG (H+L) antibody and DAPI.
Figure 1.81 — T353; Texas Red sulfonyl chloride
Figure 1.82 — T20175; Texas Red-X, succinimidyl ester
Figure 1.83 — Comparison of the relative fluorescence of Texas Red-X and Texas Red sulfonyl chloride conjugates
Figure 1.84 — C653; 5-(and-6)-carboxynaphthofluorescein, succinimidyl ester
Figure 1.85 — Carboxynaphthofluorescein/pH 10.0
Figure 1.86 — Q10193; QSY 7 carboxylic acid, succinimidyl ester
Figure 1.87 — Malachite green isothiocyanate/MeCN
Figure 1.88 — M689; malachite green isothiocyanate
Figure 1.89 — Reaction of NANOGOLD mono(sulfosuccinimidyl ester) with a primary amine
Figure 1.90 — A10168; Alexa Fluor 350 carboxylic acid, succinimidyl ester
Figure 1.91 — A6118; 6-((7-amino-4-methylcoumarin-3-acetyl)amino)hexanoic acid, succinimidyl ester (AMCA-X, SE)
Figure 1.92 — Alexa Fluor 350 goat anti–mouse IgG antibody/pH 8.0
Figure 1.93 — Microtubules of fixed bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells (BPAEC). Anti–bovine α-tubulin antibody and Alexa Fluor(R) 350 goat anti–mouse IgG antibody.
Figure 1.94 — A10169; Alexa Fluor 430 carboxylic acid, succinimidyl ester
Figure 1.95 — Comparison of the pH-dependent fluorescence changes produced by attachment of fluorine atoms to a hydroxycoumarin
Figure 1.96 — M10165; Marina Blue succinimidyl ester
Figure 1.97 — P10163; Pacific Blue succinimidyl ester
Figure 1.98 — A zebrafish retina cryosection visualized using TSA Kit #10 and the SYTOX(R) Orange nucleic acid stain.
Figure 1.99 — C2284; Cascade Blue acetyl azide, trisodium salt
Figure 1.100 — Emission spectra of Cascade Blue dye, aminomethylcoumarin and fluorescein
Figure 1.101 — Cascade Blue BSA/pH 7.0
Figure 1.102 — A30000; Alexa Fluor 405 carboxylic acid, succinimidyl ester
Figure 1.103 — P6114; N-(1-pyrenebutanoyl)cysteic acid, succinimidyl ester, potassium salt
Figure 1.104 — D6104; 6-((5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl)amino)hexanoic acid, succinimidyl ester (dansyl-X, SE)
Figure 1.105 — B30250; bimane mercaptoacetic acid (carboxymethylthiobimane)
Figure 1.106 — S6110; 1-(3-(succinimidyloxycarbonyl)benzyl)-4-(5-(4-methoxyphenyl)oxazol-2-yl)pyridinium bromide (PyMPO, SE)
Figure 1.107 — C10164; Cascade Yellow succinimidyl ester
Figure 1.108 — Emission spectra of Pacific Blue and Cascade Yellow antibody conjugates
Figure 1.109 — D12800; Dapoxyl sulfonic acid, sodium salt
Figure 1.110 — Dapoxyl (2-aminoethyl)sulfonamide/MeOH
Figure 1.111 — Emission spectra of a Dapoxyl dye in five different solvents
Figure 1.112 — Bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells (BPAEC). LysoTracker(R) Blue-White DPX and MitoTracker(R) Red CMXRos.
Figure 1.113 — Bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells (BPAEC). ER-Tracker™ Blue-White DPX.
Figure 1.114 — FluoSpheres(R) fluorescent microspheres.
Figure 1.115 — Fluorogenic amine-derivitization reaction of fluorescamine
Figure 1.116 — Fluorogenic amine-derivitization reaction of o-phthaldialdehyde (OPA)
Figure 1.117 — Fluorogenic amine-derivitization reaction of naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde (NDA)
Figure 1.118 — Fluorogenic amine-derivitization reaction of CBQCA
Figure 1.119 — C20260; 4-chloro-7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD chloride; 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan)
Figure 1.120 — D1537; DISCONTINUED 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene-4'-sulfonyl chloride (DISCONTINUED dabsyl chloride)
Figure 1.121 — Normalized absorption spectra of the succinimidyl esters of dabcyl and QSY 35 dyes
Figure 1.122 — D2245; 4-((4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)azo)benzoic acid, succinimidyl ester (dabcyl, SE)
Figure 1.123 — Q20133; QSY 35 acetic acid, succinimidyl ester
List of Technical Notes and Product Highlights
Note 1.1 — Product Highlight: The Alexa Fluor Dye Series — Peak Performance across the Visible Spectrum
Note 1.2 — Technical Focus: Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET)
Note 1.3 — Product Highlight: Customer Testimonials for the Alexa Fluor Dyes
Note 1.4 — Technical Focus: Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS)
Note 1.5 — Technical Focus: Fluorescence Polarization (FP)
Product Highlights
